diff --git a/tests/test_llm_clients.py b/tests/test_llm_clients.py
index e7c0b9a0..6b2b8cc6 100644
--- a/tests/test_llm_clients.py
+++ b/tests/test_llm_clients.py
@@ -16,47 +16,49 @@ class LLMClientModelValidationTests(unittest.TestCase):
             str(warning_records[0].message),
         )
 
-    def test_openai_client_warns_for_unknown_model(self):
-        model = "fake-openai-model"
+    def test_client_warns_for_unknown_model(self):
+        test_cases = [
+            {
+                "client_class": OpenAIClient,
+                "patch_target": "tradingagents.llm_clients.openai_client.UnifiedChatOpenAI",
+                "provider_name": "OpenAI",
+                "model": "fake-openai-model",
+                "kwargs": {},
+            },
+            {
+                "client_class": AnthropicClient,
+                "patch_target": "tradingagents.llm_clients.anthropic_client.ChatAnthropic",
+                "provider_name": "Anthropic",
+                "model": "fake-claude-model",
+                "kwargs": {},
+            },
+            {
+                "client_class": GoogleClient,
+                "patch_target": "tradingagents.llm_clients.google_client.NormalizedChatGoogleGenerativeAI",
+                "provider_name": "Google",
+                "model": "fake-gemini-model",
+                "kwargs": {},
+            },
+            {
+                "client_class": OpenAIClient,
+                "patch_target": "tradingagents.llm_clients.openai_client.UnifiedChatOpenAI",
+                "provider_name": "opena",
+                "model": "gpt-5-mini",
+                "kwargs": {"provider": "opena"},
+            },
+        ]
 
-        with patch(
-            "tradingagents.llm_clients.openai_client.UnifiedChatOpenAI",
-            side_effect=lambda **kwargs: kwargs,
-        ):
-            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as warning_records:
-                warnings.simplefilter("always")
-                llm = OpenAIClient(model).get_llm()
+        for case in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(provider=case["provider_name"]):
+                with patch(case["patch_target"], side_effect=lambda **kwargs: kwargs):
+                    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as warning_records:
+                        warnings.simplefilter("always")
+                        llm = case["client_class"](case["model"], **case["kwargs"]).get_llm()
 
-        self.assertEqual(llm["model"], model)
-        self.assert_single_unknown_model_warning(warning_records, "OpenAI", model)
-
-    def test_anthropic_client_warns_for_unknown_model(self):
-        model = "fake-claude-model"
-
-        with patch(
-            "tradingagents.llm_clients.anthropic_client.ChatAnthropic",
-            side_effect=lambda **kwargs: kwargs,
-        ):
-            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as warning_records:
-                warnings.simplefilter("always")
-                llm = AnthropicClient(model).get_llm()
-
-        self.assertEqual(llm["model"], model)
-        self.assert_single_unknown_model_warning(warning_records, "Anthropic", model)
-
-    def test_google_client_warns_for_unknown_model(self):
-        model = "fake-gemini-model"
-
-        with patch(
-            "tradingagents.llm_clients.google_client.NormalizedChatGoogleGenerativeAI",
-            side_effect=lambda **kwargs: kwargs,
-        ):
-            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as warning_records:
-                warnings.simplefilter("always")
-                llm = GoogleClient(model).get_llm()
-
-        self.assertEqual(llm["model"], model)
-        self.assert_single_unknown_model_warning(warning_records, "Google", model)
+                self.assertEqual(llm["model"], case["model"])
+                self.assert_single_unknown_model_warning(
+                    warning_records, case["provider_name"], case["model"]
+                )
 
     def test_openai_client_does_not_warn_for_known_model(self):
         with patch(
diff --git a/tradingagents/llm_clients/validators.py b/tradingagents/llm_clients/validators.py
index 286bc6ac..dac2d268 100644
--- a/tradingagents/llm_clients/validators.py
+++ b/tradingagents/llm_clients/validators.py
@@ -61,6 +61,9 @@ PROVIDER_DISPLAY_NAMES = {
     "openrouter": "OpenRouter",
 }
 
+PERMISSIVE_PROVIDERS = {"ollama", "openrouter"}
+KNOWN_PROVIDERS = set(VALID_MODELS) | PERMISSIVE_PROVIDERS
+
 
 def validate_model(provider: str, model: str) -> bool:
     """Check if model name is valid for the given provider.
@@ -69,11 +72,11 @@ def validate_model(provider: str, model: str) -> bool:
     """
     provider_lower = provider.lower()
 
-    if provider_lower in ("ollama", "openrouter"):
+    if provider_lower in PERMISSIVE_PROVIDERS:
         return True
 
-    if provider_lower not in VALID_MODELS:
-        return True
+    if provider_lower not in KNOWN_PROVIDERS:
+        return False
 
     return model in VALID_MODELS[provider_lower]